Did you know that more than 257 million people globally are living with hepatitis B, and around 1.4 million people are infected with hepatitis A each year? These staggering numbers highlight the widespread prevalence and significant health risks associated with these infections. Fortunately, effective vaccines are available to prevent these infections. Here’s the latest information you need to know in 2025:

I. Understanding Hepatitis A and B?

Hepatitis A: Primarily spread through the faecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water or close contact with an infected individual. Outbreaks can occur, and while usually not chronic, they can cause unpleasant symptoms and, in rare cases, severe liver damage.

Hepatitis B: Transmitted through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids (e.g., during birth, unprotected sex, sharing needles). Hepatitis B can become chronic, leading to serious long-term liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Singapore has a national childhood immunisation program includes Hepatitis B vaccination, significantly reducing its prevalence. However, unvaccinated individuals remain at risk.

II. Importance of Vaccination:

Effective Prevention: Vaccination is the most reliable way to protect yourself from Hepatitis A and B.

Travel Safety: Singaporeans frequently travel to regions where Hepatitis A and B may be more prevalent. Vaccination offers crucial protection for international travel

Public Health: High vaccination rates contribute to herd immunity, protecting the community, especially vulnerable individuals.

Long-Term Protection: Both Hepatitis A and B vaccines offer long-lasting immunity. For Hepatitis B, a complete primary series typically provides lifelong protection. Hepatitis A vaccination usually involves two doses for extended immunity.

III. The Vaccines:

• Hepatitis A Vaccine: 

There are two types of hepatitis A vaccines available: the inactivated (killed) vaccine and the live attenuated (weakened) vaccine. The inactivated vaccine is more commonly used and is administered in two doses, six months apart, providing long-term protection against hepatitis A. 

• Hepatitis B Vaccine: 

The hepatitis B vaccine is administered in three or four doses over six months. The typical schedule involves an initial dose, followed by additional doses at one month and six months. This series ensures robust and long-lasting immunity against hepatitis B. In Singapore, it’s part of the National Childhood Immunisation Schedule. Adults needing vaccination will follow a similar schedule.

• Combined Vaccine: 

For convenience, a combined vaccine that protects against both hepatitis A and B is available. This vaccine is administered in three doses over six months, offering comprehensive protection with a simplified schedule. Being a 3-dose series given over 6 months (0, 1, and 6 months), an accelerated schedule might be available in some cases, especially before travel.

Availability:

These vaccines are readily available at most general practitioner (GP) clinics, polyclinics, and private hospitals across Singapore. You can book appointments or walk to some vaccination centres.

IV. Who Should Get Vaccinated?

• High-Risk Groups: 

Certain groups are at higher risk of contracting hepatitis A or B and should prioritise vaccination. These include:

• • Travellers: Especially those visiting regions with high rates of hepatitis A or B.
  • Healthcare Workers: Due to potential exposure to infected blood and bodily fluids.
  • People with Chronic Liver Disease: They are more susceptible to severe complications from hepatitis infections.
  • Individuals with High-Risk Behaviours, Such as those with multiple sexual partners or intravenous drug users.
  • Infants Born to Infected Mothers: They are at high risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B.

• Routine Vaccination: 

Routine vaccination is recommended for all infants, children, and adults, depending on their age and risk factors. Ensuring routine vaccination helps protect the broader population and reduces the spread of these infections.

• Consultation with Doctor: 

It’s essential to consult with your doctor to assess your risk and determine if hepatitis A and B vaccinations are recommended for you. Your doctor can provide personalised advice based on your health status and lifestyle.

V. Safety and Side Effects:

• Vaccine Safety: 

The hepatitis A and B vaccines have a strong safety record and are approved by health authorities worldwide, including the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) in Singapore. They have been extensively tested and monitored for safety and efficacy.

• Potential Side Effects: 

Common and mild side effects of the vaccines may include:

• • Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site
  • Mild fever
  • Fatigue
  • Headache

These side effects are generally short-lived and resolve on their own. Serious side effects are extremely rare.

VI. Where to Get Vaccinated:

• Doctor’s Clinic: 

You can receive the hepatitis A and B vaccines at our clinic. Our healthcare professionals will provide you with the necessary information and care.

• Vaccination Clinics: 

The vaccines are also available at some travel clinics and public health immunisation programs throughout Singapore. These clinics offer convenient vaccination options, especially for travellers and those in high-risk groups.

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Staying Informed and Protected:

• Consult your doctor: Discuss your risk factors and vaccination needs with a healthcare professional in Singapore. They can advise on the most suitable vaccine and schedule for you.
• Check your vaccination records: Ensure you have completed the recommended series for Hepatitis A and B.
• Stay updated: Follow health advisories from the Singapore Ministry of Health (MOH) regarding vaccination recommendations.

Hepatitis A and B vaccinations are key strategies for protecting your health and preventing severe liver diseases. By getting vaccinated, you are proactively safeguarding yourself and contributing to public health efforts.

Discuss hepatitis A and B vaccinations with your doctor to make informed health decisions. Taking charge of your health through vaccination is a proactive step towards preventing illness and maintaining your well-being.

Protecting yourself against Hepatitis A and B through vaccination is a proactive step towards maintaining good health in Singapore in 2025 and beyond. Don’t hesitate to speak to your doctor about getting vaccinated. Schedule your vaccination appointment today and take a crucial step towards protecting your health.